Mamme e atlete
Bibliografia
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American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Physical activity, physical fitness, and hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25(10): i-x. Review.
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Butterfield G, King JC. Nutritional needs of physically active pregnant women. In: Artal R, Wiswell RA, Drinkwater BL, eds. Exercise in Pregnancy. 2 nd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1991.
Karzel RP, Friedman MJ. Orthopedic injuries in pregnancy. In: Artal R, Wiswell RA, Drinkwater BL, eds. Exercise in Pregnancy. 2 nd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1991.
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Clapp JF III. Exercise in pregnancy: a brief clinical review. Fetal Med Rev 1990; 161: 1464-9.
Artal R, Wiswell RA, Drinkwater BL, eds. Exercise in Pregnancy. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1991.
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Artal R, Masaki DI, Khodiguian N, Romem Y, Rutherford SE, Wiswell RA. Exercise prescription in pregnancy: weight-bearing versus non-weight-bearing exercise. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 1464-9.
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Wolfe LA, Ohtake PJ, Mottola MF, McGrath MJ. Physiological interactions between pregnancy and aerobic exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1989; 17: 295-351.
Morton MJ. Maternal hemodynamics in pregnancy. In: Artal R, Wiswell RA, Drinkwater BL, eds. Exercise in Pregnancy. 2 nd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1991.
Pivarnik JM. Cardiovascular responses to aerobic exercise during pregnancy and postpartum. Semin Perinatol 1996; 20: 242-9.
Clark SL, Cotton DB, Pivarnik JM et al. Position change and central hemodynamic profile during normal third-trimester pregnancy and post partum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 164: 883-7.
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Prowse CM, Gaensler EA. Respiratory and acid-base changes during pregnancy. Anesthesiology 1965; 26: 381-92.
Artal R, Wiswell R, Romen Y, Dorey F. Pulmonary responses to exercise in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 154(2): 378-83.
Templeton A, Kelman GR. Maternal blood-gases (PAO 2 -PaO 2 ) physiological shunt and VD/VT in normal pregnancy. Br J Anesth 1976; 48: 1001-4.
Pivarnik JM, Lee W, Spillman T, Clark SL, Coton DB, Miller JF. Maternal respiration and blood gases during aerobic exercise performed at moderate altitude. Med Sci Sports Exec 1992; 24: 868-72.
Sady SP, Carpenter MW, Thompson PD, Sady MA, Hayden B, Constan DR. Cardiovascular response to cycle during and after pregnancy. J Appl Physiol 1989; 66: 336-41.
Lotgering FK, Van Doorn MB, Struijk PC, Pool J, Wallenburg HGS. Maximal aerobic exercise in pregnant women: heart rate, O 2 consumption, CO 2 production and ventilation. J Appl Physiol 1991; 70: 1016-23.
Soultanakis HN, Artal R, Wiswell RA. Prolonged exercise in pregnancy: Glucose homeostasis, ventilatory and cardiovascular responses. Seminars in Perinatology 1996; 20: 315-27.
Milunsky A, Ulcickas M, Rothman KJ, Willett W, Jick SS, Jick H. Maternal heat exposure and neural tube defects. JAMA 1992; 268: 882-5.
Collings CMS, Curet LB, Mullin JP. Maternal and fetal responses to a maternal aerobic exercise program. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 145: 702-7.
Clapp JF 3rd. Fetal heart rate response to running in midpregnancy and late pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 153(3): 251-2.
Artal R, Khodiguian N, Paul RH. Intrapartum fetal heart rate responses to maternal exercise. Case reports. J Perinat Med 1993; 21(6): 499-502.
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Launer LH, Villar, Kestler E, deOnis M. The effect of maternal work on fetal growth and duration of pregnancy: a prospective study. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1990: 97; 62-70.
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Ahlborg G, Bodin L, Hogstedt C. Heavy lifting during pregnancy—a hazard to the fetus? A prospective study. Int J Epidemiol 1990; 19: 90-7.
Erdelyi GJ. Gynecological survey of female athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1962; 2: 174-9.
Artal R. Exercise during pregnancy: safe and beneficial for most. The Physician and Sports Medicine 1999; 27(8): 51-60.
Camporesi EM. Diving and pregnancy. In: Artal R, ed. Seminars in Perinatology: exercise in pregnancy 1996; 20: 292-02.
Artal R, Fortunato V, Welton A et al. A comparison of cardiopulmonary adaptations to exercise in pregnancy at sea level and altitude. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172: 1170-80.
Huch R. Physical activity at altitude in pregnancy. In: Artal R, ed. Seminars in Perinatology: Exercise in Pregnancy 1996; 20: 303-14.
Epstein M. Water immersion and the kidney: implications for volume regulation undersea. Biomed Res 1984; II: 114-37.
Epstein M, Loutzenhiser R, Friedland E et al. Relationship of increased plasma atrial natriuretic factor renal sodium handling during immersion-induced central hypervolemia in normal humans. J Clin Inves 1987; 79: 738-45.
Berry MJ, McMurray RG, Katz VL. Pulmonary and ventilatory responses to pregnancy, immersion and exercise. J Appl Physiol 1989; 66: 857-62.
McMurray RG, Mottola MF, Wolfe LA, Artal R, Millar L, Pivarnik JM. Recent advances in understanding maternal and fetal responses to exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: 1305-21.
Katz VL, McMurray R, Berry MJ, Cefalo RC. Fetal and uterine responses to immersion and exercise. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 72: 225-30.
Clapp JF III, Capeless EL. Neonatal morphometrics after endurance exercise during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163: 1805-11.
Jovanovic-Peterson L, Peterson CM. Exercise and the nutritional management of diabetes during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1996; 23: 75-86.
Bung P, Artal R, Khodigmian N et al. Exercise in gestational diabetes-an optional therapeutic approach? Diabetes 1991; 40: 182-5.
Jovanovic-Peterson L, Durak EP, Peterson CM. Randomized trial of diet versus diet plus cardiovascular conditioning on glucose levels in gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 415-9.
Hollingsworth DR, Moore TR. Postprandial walking exercise in pregnant insulin-dependent (type I) diabetic women: Reduction of plasma lipid levels but absence of a significant effect on glycemic control. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 157: 1359-63.
Dye TD, Knox KL, Artal R, Aubry RH, Wojtowycz MA. Physical activity, obesity, and diabetes in pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 146: 961-5.
Artal R. Exercise and diabetes mellitus in pregnancy. A brief review. Sports Med 1990; 9(5): 261-5.
McCrory MA, Nommsen-Rivers LA, Mole PA, Lonnerdal B, Dewey KG. Randomized trial of short-term effects of dieting compared with dieting plus aerobic exercise on lactation performance. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 959-67.
Kulpa PJ, White BM, Visscher R. Aerobic exercise in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 1395-403.
Koltyn KF, Schultes SS. Psychological effects of an aerobic exercise session and a rest session following pregnancy. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1997; 37: 287-91.
Kulpa P. Exercise during pregnancy and post partum. In: Agostini R, ed. Medical and Orthopedic Issues of Active and Athletic Women. Philadelphia: Hanley and Belfus; 1994: 191-9.
Ulteriori riferimenti bibliografici
American Diabetes Association’s Fourth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Summary and discussion: therapeutic interventions. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: B131-137.
Bung P, Artal R. Gestational diabetes and exercise. Seminars in perinatology 1996; 20: 328-33.
Clapp JF III, Seaward BL, Sleamaker RH, Hiser J. Maternal physiologic adaptations to early human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159: 1456-60.
Edwards MJ. Hyperthermia as a teratogen: a review of experimental studies and their clinical significance. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 1986; 6: 563-82.
Erkkola RU, Pirhonen JP, Kiwijaroi AK. Flow velocity waveforms in uterine and umbilical arteries during submaximal bicycle exercise in normal pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 79: 611-5.
Hall DC, Kaufmann DA. Effects of aerobic and strength conditioning on pregnancy outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 157: 1199-203.
Hatch MC, Shu X-O, McLean DE et al. Maternal exercise during pregnancy, physical fitness and fetal growth. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137: 1105-14.
Hatoum N, Clapp JF III, Newman Mr, Dajani N, Amini SB. Effects of maternal exercise on fetal activity in late gestation. J Matern Fetal Med 1997; 6: 134-9.
Morrow RJ, Ritchie JWK, Bull SB. Fetal and maternal hemodynamic response to exercise in pregnancy assessed by Doppler ultrasound. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 160: 138-40.
Morton JM, Paul MS, Campos GR, Hart MV, Metcalfe J. Exercise dynamics in late gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 152: 91-7.