Bibliografia

1) Alpert B.S., Flood N.L., Strong W.B., Dover V., DuRant R.H., Martin A.M., Booker D.L.: Responses to ergometer exercise in a healthy biracial population of children. J. Pediatr. 101:538-560, 1982.

2) Alpert B.S., Fox M.E.: Blood pressure response to dynamic exercise. In Pediatric laboratory exercise testing, T.W. Rowland (Ed.), Human Kinetics Publishers: Champaign, IL, p. 67-90, 1993.

3) Andersen K.L., Ghesquiere J.: Sex differences in maximal oxygen uptake, heart rate and oxygen pulse at 10 and 14 years in Norwegian children. Hum. Biol., 44:413-432, 1972.

4) Andersen K.L., Mácek M., Rutenfranz J., Vávra J., Mácková J., Radvansky J., Klimmer F., Kylian H., Danek K., Ottmann W.: Circulatory and respiratory responses to muscular exercise in Czech and Norwegian children. Physiol. Bohem., 34:303-312, 1985.

5) Andersen K.L., Seliger V., Rutenfranz J., Berndt I.: Physical performance capacity of children in Norway Part II. Heart rate and oxygen pulse in submaximal exercises - population parameters in a rural community. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 33:197-206, 1974.

6) Anderson S.D., Godfrey S.: Cardio-respiratory response to treadmill exercise in normal children. Clin. Sci., 40:433-442, 1971.

7) Arensman F.W., Treiber F.A., Gruber M.P., Strong W.B.: Exercise-induced differences in cardiac output, blood pressure, and systemic vascular resistance in a healthy biracial population of 10-year-old boys. Am. J. Dis. Child., 143:212-216, 1989.

8) Armstrong N., Balding J., Gentle P., Williams J., Kirby B.J.: Peak oxygen uptake and physical activity in 11- to 16- years-old. Ped. Exer. Sci., 2:349-358, 1990.

9) Armstrong N., Kirby B.J., McManus A.M., Welsman J.R.: Aerobic fitness of prepubescent children. Annals of Hum. Biol., 22:427-441, 1995.

10) Armstrong N., Welsman J.R., Winsley R.: Is peak VO ₂ a maximal index of children''s aerobic fitness? Int. J. Sports Med., 17:356-359, 1996.

11) Armstrong N., Welsman J.R.: Developemental aspects of aerobic fitness in children and adolescents. In Exercise and sport sciences reviews, J.O. Holloszy (Ed.), Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, p. 435-476, 1994.

12) Armstrong N., Welsman J.R., Kirby B.J.: Peak oxygen uptake and maturation in 12-years old. Med. Sci. Sports Exer., 30:165-169, 1998.

13) Armstrong N., Williams J., Balding J., Gentle P., Kirby B.J.: The peak oxygen uptake of British children with reference to age, sex and sexual maturity. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 62:369-375, 1991.

14) Åstrand P.O.: Experimental studies of physical working capacity in relation to sex and age. Copenhagen, Denmark: Munksgaard, 1952.

15) Bar-Or O.: Pediatric Sports Medicine for the Practitioner. New York: Springer Verlag, 1983.

16) Bar-Or O., Shepard R.J., Allen C.L.: Cardiac output of 10- to 13-years-old boys and girls during submaximal exercise. J. Appl. Physiol., 30:219-223, 1971.

17) Baraldi E., Cooper D.M., Zanconato S., Armon Y.: Heart rate recovery from 1 minute exercise in children and adults. Pediatr. Rehabil., 29:575-579, 1991.

18) Bengtsson E.: The working capacity in normal children, evaluated by submaximal exercise on the bicycle ergometer and compared with adults. Acta Med. Scand., 154:91-109, 1956.

19) Billat B., Gratas-Delamarche A., Monnier M., Delamarche P.: A test to approach maximal lactate steady-state in 12-years old boys and girls. Acta Paediatr. Belg., 103:65-72, 1995.

20) Boileau R.A., Bonen A., Heyward V.H., Massey B.H.: Maximal aerobic capacity on the treadmill and bicycle ergometer of boys 11-14 years of age. J. Sports Med., 17:153-162, 1977.

21) Bouchard C., Malina R.M., Hollmann W., Leblanc C.: Submaximal working capacity, heart size and body size in boys 8-18 years. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 36:115-126, 1977.

22) Braden D.S., Strong W.B.: Cardiovascular responses and adaptations to exercise in childhood. In Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Youth, Exercise and Sport, C.V. Gisolfi and D.R. Lamb (Eds), Benchmark Press Inc.: Indianapolis, IN, p. 293-333, 1989.

23) Braden D.S., Strong W.B.: Cardiovascular responses to exercise in childhood. Am. J. Dis. Child., 144:1255-1260, 1990.

24) Buck J.A., Amundsen L.R., Nielsen D.H.: Systolic blood pressure during isometric contractions of large and small muscle groups. Med. Sci. Sports Exer., 12:145-147, 1980.

25) Christos S.C., Katch V., Crowley D.C., Eakin B.L., Lindauer A.L., Beekman R.H.: Hemodynamic responses to upright exercise of adolescent cardiac transplant recipients. J. Pediatr., 121:312-316, 1992.

26) Cooper D.M., Berry C., Lamarra N., Wasserman K.: Kinetics of oxygen uptake and heart rate at onset of exercise in children. J. Appl. Physiol., 59:211-217, 1985.

27) Cooper D.M., Weiler-Ravell D., Whipp B.J., Wasserman K.: Growth-related changes in oxygen uptake and heart rate during progressive exercise in children. Pediatr. Res., 18:845-851, 1984.

28) Crawford M.H., Walsh R.A., Cragg D., Freeman G.L., Miller J.: Echocardiographic left ventricular mass and function in the hypertensive baboon. Hypertension., 10:339-345, 1987.

29) Cumming G.R.: Hemodynamics of supine bicycle exercise in "normal" children. Am. Heart J., 93:617-622, 1977.

30) Cumming G.R., Everatt D., Hastman L.: Bruce treadmill test in children: normal values in a clinic population. Am. J. Cardiol, 41:69-75, 1978.

31) Cumming G.R., Hastman L., McCort J.: Treadmill endurance times, blood lactate, and exercise blood pressure in normal children. In Children and Exercise XI, R.A. Binkhurst, H.C.G. Kemper, and W.H.M. Saris (Eds.), Human Kinetics Publishers: Champaign, IL, p. 140-150, 1985.

32) Davies C.T.M., Barnes C., Godfrey S.: Body composition and maximal exercise performance in children. Hum. Biol., 44:195-214, 1972.

33) Diamant S., Nudel D.B., Gootman N.: Cardiovascular physiology during exercise and adaptation to training. In Pediatric Sports Medicine, D. Nudel (Ed.), PMA Publishing Corp.: New York, p. 17-37, 1989.

34) Dlin R.A., Hanna-Paparo N., Tenenbaum G.: Blood pressure response to exercise in adolescent competitive athletes. In Children and Exercise XII, J. Rutenfranz, R. Mocellin, and F. Klim (Eds.), Human Kinetics Publishers: Champaign, IL, p. 185-193, 1986.

35) Driscoll D.J., Staats B.A., Beck K.C.: Measurement of cardiac output in children during exercise: a review. Ped. Exer. Sci., 1:102-115, 1989.

36) Duncan G.E., Mahon A.D., Gay J.A., Sherwood J.J.: Physiological and perceptual responses to graded treadmill and cycle exercise in male children. Ped. Exer. Sci., 8:251-258, 1996.

37) Eriksson B.O.: Cardiac output during exercise in pubertal boys. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 217, Suppl.:53-55, 1971.

38) Eriksson B.O.: Physical training, oxygen supply and muscle metabolism in 11-13-years old boys. Acta Physiol. Scand., 384 Suppl:2-48, 1972.

39) Eriksson B.O., Grimby G., Saltin B.: Cardiac output and arterial blood gases during exercise in pubertal boys. J. Appl. Physiol., 31:348-352, 1971.

40) Eriksson B.O., Koch G.: Cardiac output and intraarterial blood pressure at rest and during submaximal exercise in 11 to 13 year old boys before and after physical training. In Pediatric Work Physiology, O. Bar-Or (Ed.), Wingate Institute: Natanya, p. 139-150, 1973.

41) Ferrara L.A., Mainenti G., Fasano M.L., Marotta T., Borrelli R., Mancini M.: Cardiovascular response to mental stress and to handgrip in children. The role of physical activity. Jpn. Heart J., 5:645-654, 1991.

42) Fixler D.E., Laird P., Browne R., Fitzgerald V., Wilson S., Vance R.: Response of hypertensive adolescents to dynamic and isometric exercise stress. Pediatrics., 65:579-583, 1979.

43) Gadhoke S., Jones N.L.: The responses to exercise in boys aged 9-15 years. Clin. Sci., 37:789-801, 1969.

44) Gilliam T.B., Sady S., Thorland W.G., Weltman A.L.: Comparison of peak performance measures in children ages 6 to 8, 9 to 10, and 11 to 13 years. Res. Quart., 48:695-702, 1977.

45) Gledhill N., Cox D., Jamnik R.: Endurance athletes'' stroke volume does not plateau: major advantages is diastolic function. Med. Sci. Sports Exer., 26:1116-1121, 1994.

46) Godfrey S., Davies C.T.M., Wozniak E., Barnes C.A.: Cardio-respiratory responses to exercise in normal children. Clin. Sci., 40:419-431, 1971.

47) Godfrey S., Katzenelson R., Wolf E.: Gas to blood PCO ₂ differences during rebreathing in children and adults. Respir. Physiol., 13:274-282, 1971.

48) Grossman W., McLaurin L.P., Saltz S.B., Paraskos J.A., Dalen J.E., Dexter L.: Changes in the inotropic state of the left ventricle during isometric exercise. Brit. Heart J., 35:697-794, 1973.

49) Hebestreit H., Mimura K.-I., Bar-Or O.: Recovery of muscle power after high-intensity short-term exercise: comparing boys and men. J. Appl. Physiol., 74:2875-2880, 1993.

50) Helfant R.H., de Villa M.A., Meister S.G.: Effect of sustained isometric handgrip exercise on left ventricular performance. Clin. Res., 44:982-993, 1971.

51) Hermansen L., Oseid S.: Direct and indirect estimation of maximal oxygen uptake in pre-pubertal boys. Acta Paediat. Scand. Suppl., 217:18-23, 1971.

52) Houston J.D., Atkins J.M., Blomqvist G.: Cardiovascular response to isometric forearm contraction. Clin. Res., 18 (abstract):70, 1970.

53) James F.W., Kaplan S., Glueck C.J., Tsay J.Y., Knight M.J.S., Sarwar C.J.: Responses of normal children and young adults to controlled bicycle exercise. Clin. Res., 61:902-912, 1980.

54) Katsuura T.: Cardiac output of 10- to 11-years-old children during exercise under different ambient temperatures. J. Anthrop. Soc. Nippon., 93:303-315, 1985.

55) Katsuura T.: Influences of age and sex on cardiac output during submaximal exercise. Annals Physiol. Anthrop., 5:39-57, 1986.

56) Kino M., Lance V.Q., Shahamatpour A., Spodick D.H.: Effects of age on responses to isometric exercise. Am. Heart J., 90:575-581, 1975.

57) Koch G.: Muscle blood flow after ischemic work and during bicycle ergometer work in boys aged 12 years. Acta Paediatr. Belg,. 28:29-39, 1974.

58) Koch G.: Muscle blood flow in prepubertal boys. Med. Sport., 11:39-46, 1978.

59) Krahenbuhl G.S., Skinner J.S., Kohrt W.M.: Developmental aspects of maximal aerobic power in children. Exer. Sports Sci. Reviews, 13:503-538, 1985.

60) Kulangara R.J., Strong W.B.: Exercise stress testing in children. Comp. Ther., 5:51-61, 1979.

61) Laird W.P., Fixler D.E., Huffines D.: Cardiovascular response to isometric exercise in normal adolescents. Clin. Res., 59:651-654, 1979.

62) Lewis S.F., Snell P.G., Taylor W.F., Harma M., Graham R.M., Pettinger W.A., Blomqvist C.G.: Role of muscle mass and mode of contraction in circulatory responses to exercise. J. Appl. Physiol., 58:146-151, 1985.

63) Lock J.E., Einzig S., Moller J.H.: Hemodynamic responses to exercise in normal children. Am. J. Cardiol., 41:1278-1284, 1978.

64) Macdonald H.R., Sapru R.P., Taylor S.H., Donald K.W.: Effect of intravenous propranol on the systemic circulatory response to sustained handgrip. Am. J. Cardiol., 18:333-343, 1966.

65) Mácek M., Vávra J.: Cardiopulmonary and metabolic changes during exercise in children 6-14 years old. J. Appl. Physiol., 30:200-204, 1971.

66) Mahon A.D., Gay J.A., Stolen K.Q.: Differentiated ratings of perceived exertion at ventilatory threshold in children and adults. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 18:115-120, 1998.

67) Mahon A.D., Vaccaro P.: Cardiovascular adaptations in 8- to 12-years-old boys following a 14-week running program. Can. J. Appl. Physiol., 19:139-150, 1994.

68) Marks C., Katch V., Rocchini A., Beekman R., Rosenthal A.: Validity and rehability of cardiac output by CO ₂ rebreathing. Sports Med., 2:432-446, 1985.

69) Matthews K.A., Stoney C.M.: Influence of sex and age on cardiovascular responses during stress. Psychosom. Med., 50:46-56, 1988.

70) Mitchell J.H., F.C.P. III, Saltin B., Schibye B.: The role of muscle mass in the cardiovascular response to static contractions. J. Physiol., 309:45-54, 1980.

71) Mitchell J.H., Schibye B., F.S.P. III, Saltin B.: Response of arterial blood pressure to static exercise in relation to muscle mass, force development, and electromyographic activity. Circ. Res., 48 (suppl. 1):70-75, 1981.

72) Miyamura M., Honda Y.: Maximum cardiac output related to sex and age. Jpn. J. Physiol., 23:645-656, 1973.

73) Oyen E.-M., Ignatzy K., Ingerfeld G., Brode P.E.: Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular reserve in normal children during supine bicycle exercise. Inter. J. Cardiol., 14:145-154, 1987.

74) Oyen E.-M., Ingerfeld G., Ignatzy K., Brode P.E.: Dynamic exercise echocardiography in children. In Children and Exercise XII, J. Rutenfranz, R. Mocellin, and F. Klimt (Eds.), Human Kinetics: Champaign, Illinois, p. 395-401, 1986.

75) Oyen E.-M., Schuster S., Brode P.E.: Dynamic exercise echocardiography of the left ventricle in physically active children compared to untrained healthy children. Inter. J. Cardiol., 29:29-33, 1990.

76) Palmer G.J., Ziegler M.G., Lake C.R.: Response of norepinephrine and blood pressure to stress increases with age. J. Gerontol., 33:482-487, 1978.

77) Paterson D.H., Cunningham D.A.: Comparison of methods to calculate cardiac output using the CO ₂ rebreathing method. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 35:223-230, 1976.

78) Pels A.E., Gilliam T.B., Freedson P.S., Geenen D.L., Macconnie S.E.: Heart rate response to bicycle ergometer exercise in children ages 6-7 years. Med. Sci. Sports Exer., 13:299-302, 1981.

79) Petrofsky J.S., Lind A.R.: Aging, isometric strength and endurance, and cardiovascular responses to static exercise. J. Appl. Physiol., 38:91-95, 1975.

80) Riopel D.A., Taylor A.B., Hohn A.R.: Blood pressure, heart rate, pressure-rate product and electrocardiographic changes in healthy children during treadmill exercise. Am. J. Cardiol., 44:697-704, 1979.

81) Rivera-Brown A.M., Fontera W.R.: Achievement of plateau and reliability of VO _2max in trained adolescents tested with different ergometers. Ped. Exer. Sci., 10:164-175, 1998.

82) Rode A., Bar-Or O., Shepard R.J.: Cardiac output and oxygen conductance a comparison of Canadian Eskimo and city dwellers. In Pediatric Work Physiology Proceedings of the fourth international symposium, Natanya: Wingate Institute, 1973.

83) Rode A., Shephard R.J.: Cardiac output, blood volume, and total hemoglobin of the Canadian Eskimo. J. Appl. Physiol., 34:91-96, 1973.

84) Rogers D.M., Olson B.L., Wilmore J.H.: Scaling for the VO ₂ -to-body size relationship among children and adults. J. Appl. Physiol., 79:958-967, 1995.

85) Rogers D.M., Turley K.R., Kujawa K.I., Harper K.M., Wilmore J.H.: Allometric scaling factors for oxygen uptake during exercise in children. Ped. Exer. Sci., 7:12-25, 1995.

86) Rosenthal M., Bush A.: Haemodynamics in children during rest and exercise: methods and normal values. Eur. Respir. J., 11:854-865, 1998.

87) Rowell L.B.: Human Circulation - Regulation during Physical Stress. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

88) Rowland T., Goff D., Popowski B., De Luca P., Ferrone L.: Cardiac responses to exercise in child distance runners. Int. J. Sports Med., 19:385-390, 1998.

89) Rowland T., Popowski B., Ferrone L.: Cardiac responses to maximal upright cycle exercise in healthy boys and men. Med. Sci. Sports Exer., 29:1146-1151, 1997.

90) Rowland T., Staab J., Unnithan V., Siconolfi S.: Maximal cardiac response in prepubertal and adult males. Med. Sci. Sports Exer., 20:S32, 1988.

91) Rowland T., Vanderbugh P., Cunningham L.: Body size and the growth of maximal aerobic power in children: a longitudinal analysis. Ped. Exer. Sci., 9:262-274, 1997.

92) Rowland T.W.: Oxygen uptake and endurance fitness in children: a developmental perspective. Ped. Exer. Sci., 1:313-328, 1989.

93) Rowland T.W.: Developmental aspects of physiological function relating to aerobic exercise in children. Sports Med., 10:255-266, 1990.

94) Sady S.P.: Transient oxygen uptake and heart rate responses at the onset of relative endurance exercise in prepubertal boys and adult men. Int. J. Sports Med., 2:240-244, 1981.

95) Sady S.P.: Cardiorespiratory exercise testing in children. Clin. Sports Med., 5:493-514, 1986.

96) Sady S.P., Freedson P.S., Gilliam T.B.: Calculation of submaximal and maximal cardiac output in children using the CO ₂ rebreathing technique. J. Sports Med., 21:245-252, 1981.

97) Sady S.P., Katch V.L., Villanacci J.F., Gilliam T.B.: Children-adult comparisons of VO ₂ and HR kinetics during submaximum exercise. Res. Quart., 54:55-59, 1983.

98) Schieken R.M., Clarke W.R., Lauer R.M.: The cardiovascular responses to exercise in children across the blood pressure distribution The Muscatine Study. Hypertension., 5:71-78, 1983.

99) Schulze-Neick I.M., Wessel H.U., Paul M.H.: Heart rate and oxygen uptake response to exercise in children with low peak exercise heart rate. Eur. J. Pediatr., 151:160-166, 1992.

100) Seals D.R., Washburn R.A., Hanson P.G., Painter P.L., Nagle F.J.: Increased cardiovascular response to static contraction of larger muscle groups. J. Appl. Physiol., 54:434-437, 1983.

101) Seely J.E., Guzman C.A., Becklake M.R.: Heart and lung function at rest and during exercise in adolescence. J. Appl. Physiol., 36:34-40, 1974.

102) Shephard R.J., Allen C.L., Bar-Or O., Davies C.T.M., Degre S., Hedman R., Ishii K., Kaneko M., LaCour J.R., Prampero P.E.D., Seliger V.: The working capacity of Toronto schoolchildren. Can. Med. Assoc. J., 100:560-566, 1969.

103) Springer C., Cooper D.M., Wasserman K.: Evidence that maturation of the peripheral chemoreceptors is not complete in childhood. Respir. Physiol., 74:55-64, 1988.

104) Stefadouros M.A., Grossman W., ElShahawy M., Witham A.C.: The effect of isometric exercise on left ventricular volume in normal men. Clin. Res., 49:1185-1189, 1974.

105) Strong W.B., Miller M.D., Striplin M., Salehbhai M.: Blood pressure response to isometric and dynamic exercise in healthy black children. Am. J. Dis. Child., 132:587-591, 1978.

106) Treiber F.A., Musante L., Strong W.B., Levy M.: Racial differences in young children''s blood pressure. Am. J. Dis. Child., 143:720-723, 1989.

107) Turley K.R.: Cardiovascular responses to exercise in children. Sports Med., 24:1997.

108) Turley K.R., Citty J.K., Marvin E.D., Ward K.L., Watson D.Z.: Pressor response to isometric handgrip and leg extension exercise of differing intensities in boys. Med. Sci. Sports Exer., 31:S320, 1999.

109) Turley K.R., Rogers D.M., Harper K.M., Kujawa K.I., Wilmore J.H.: Maximal treadmill versus cycle ergometry testing in children: differences, reliability, and variability of responses. Ped. Exer. Sci., 7:49-60, 1995.

110) Turley K.R., Wilmore J.H.: Cardiovascular responses to submaximal exercise in 7- to 9-years-old boys and girls. Med. Sci. Sports Exer., 29:824-832, 1997.

111) Turley K.R., Wilmore J.H.: Cardiovascular responses to treadmill and cycle ergometer exercise in children and adults. J. Appl. Physiol., 83:948-957, 1997.

112) Turley K.R., Wilmore J.H., Simons-Morton B., Williston J.M., Epping J.R., Dahlstrom G.: The rehability and validity of the 9-minute run in third grade children. Ped. Exer. Sci., 6:178-187, 1994.

113) Verhaaren H.A., Schieken R.M., Schwartz P., Mosteller M., Matthys D., Maes H., Beunen G., Vlietinck R., Derom R.: Cardiovascular reactivity in isometric exercise and mental arithmetic in children. J. Appl. Physiol., 76:146-150, 1994.

114) Wanne O.P.S., Haapoja E.: Blood pressure during exercise in healthy children. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 58:62-67, 1988.

115) Washington R.L., Bricker T., Alpert B., Daniels S.R., Deckelbaum R.J., Fisher E.A., Gidding S.S., Isabel-Jones J., Kavey R.-E.W., Marx G.R., Strong W.B., Teske D.W., Wilmore J.H., Winston M.: Guidelines for exercise testing in the pediatric age group. Clin. Res., 90:2166-2179, 1994.

116) Washington R.L., Gundy J.C.V., Cohen C., Sondheimer H.M., Wolfe R.R.: Normal aerobic and anaerobic exercise data for North America school-age. J. Pediatr., 112:223-233, 1988.

117) Wilmore J.H., Constable S.H., Stanforth P.R., Taso W.Y., Rotkis T.C., Paicius R.M., Mattern C.M., Ewy G.A.: Prevalance of coronary heart disease risk factors in boys, 13- to 15-years-old boys. J. Cardiac Rehab., 2:223-233, 1982.

118) Wilmore J.H., McNamara J.J.: Prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors in boys 8 to 12 years of age. J. Pediatr., 84:527-533, 1974.

119) Wilmore J.H., Sigerseth P.O.: Physical working capacity of young girls, 7-13 years of age. J. Appl. Physiol., 22:923-928, 1967.

120) Wirth A., Träger E., Scheele K., Mayer D., Diehm K., Reischle K., Weicker H.: Cardiopulmonary adjustment and metabolic response to maximal and submaximal physical exercise of boys and girls at different stages of maturity. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 39:229-240, 1978.

121) Yamaji K., Miyashita M.: Oxygen transport system during exhaustive exercise in Japanese boys. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 36:93-99, 1977.

122) Yamaji K., Miyashita M., Shepard R.J.: Relationship between heart rate and relative oxygen intake in male subjects aged 10 to 27 years. J. Hum. Ergol., 7:29-39, 1978.

123) Zeidifard E., Godfrey S., Davies E.E.: J. Appl. Physiol., 41:433-438, 1976.