Bibliografia

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2) Dale E., Gerlach D.M., Wilwhite A.L.: Menstrual dysfunction in distance runners . Obst Gynecol, 54: 47-53, 1979.

3) Keizer H.A., Poortman J., Bunnik G.S.J.: Influence of physical exercise on sex hormone metabolism . J Appl Physiol, 48: 765-69, 1980.

4) Keizer H.A., Rogol A.D.: Physical exercise and menstrual cycle alterations. What are the mechanisms? Sports Med, 10(4): 218-35, 1990.

5) Carbon R.J.: Exercise, amenorrhoea and skeleton. Brit Med Bull, 48(3): 546-60, 1992.

6) Dugowson C.E., Drinkwater B.L., Clark J.M.: Nontraumatic femur fracture in an oligomenorrheic athlete . Med Science Sports Exercise, 23(12): 1323-25, 1991.

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8) Wolman R.L., Clark P., McNally E., Harries M., Reeve J.: Menstrual state and exercise as determinants of spinal trabecular bone density in female athletes . Brit Med J, 301: 516-18, 1990.

9) Prior J.C., Vigna Y.M., McKay D.W.: Reproduction for the athletic woman. New understanding of physiology and management. Sports Med, 14(3): 190-99, 1992.

10) Sanborn C.F., Martin B.J., Wagner W.W.: Is athletic amenorrhoea specific to runners? Am J Obstet Gynecol, 143: 859-61, 1982.

11) Feicht C.B., Johnson T.S., Martin B.J., Sparkes K.E., Wagner W.W.: Secondary amenorrhoea in athletes . Correspondence. Lancet, 2: 1145-46, 1978.

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13) Abraham S., Beaumont P.J., Fraser I.F., Llewellyn Jones D.: Body weight exercise and menstrual states among ballet dancers in training . Brit J Obstet Gynaecol, 99: 507-10, 1982.

14) Frisch R.E., Gotz-Welbergen A.V., McArthur J.W., Albright T., Witschi J. et al.: Delayed menarche and amenorrhoea of college athletes in relation to age of onset of training . J Am Med Assoc, 246: 1559-63, 1981.

15) Malina R.M., Harper A.B., Avent H.H.: Age at menarche in athletes and non-athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 5: 11-13, 1973.

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17) Warren M.P.: The effects of altered nutritional states, stress and systemic illness on reproduction in women . In: Vaitukaitos (ed.), Clinical reproductive neuroendocrinology. Elsevier Biomedical, New York, 1982.

18) Warren M.P., Brooks-Gunn J., Hamilton L.H., Warren F., Hamilton W.G.: Scoliosis and fractures in young ballet dancers. New Engl J Med, 314: 1348-53, 1986.

19) Lata G.F., Hu H.K., Bagshaw G., Tucker R.F.: Equilibrium and kinetic characteristics of steroid interactions with human plasma sex binding protein. Arch Biochem Bioph, 199: 220-27, 1980.

20) Baker E.: Menstrual dysfunction and hormonal status in athletic women: a review . Fertil Steril, 36: 691-96, 1981.

21) Frisch R.E., McArthur J.W.: Menstrual cycles: fatness as a determinant of minimum weight for height necessary for their maintenance or onset . Science, 185: 949-51, 1974.

22) Loucks A.B.: Athletic amenorrhoea. Research summary and evaluation. Athl Amen Bull, 2: 1-12, 1983.

23) Schwartz B., Rebar R.W., Yen S.S.C.: Amenorrhoea and long distance running . Fertil Steril (Abstract), 34(3): 306, 1980.

24) Galle P.C., Freeman E.W., Galle M.G., Huggins G.R., Sondheimer S.J.: Physiologic and psychologic profiles in a survey of women runners. Fertil Steril, 39: 633-39, 1983.

25) Sinning W.E., Little K.D., Wilson J.R., Bowers B.M.: Body composition and menstrual function in women athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 17(2): 214, 1985.

26) Carlberg K.A., Buckman M.T., Peake G.T., Reidesel M.L.: A survey of menstrual function in athletes . Europ J Physiol, 51: 211-22, 1983.

27) Brandenberger G., Follenius M., Muzet A., Simeoni M., Reinhardt B.: Interactions between spontaneous and provoked cortisol secretory episodes in man . J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 59: 406-11, 1984.

28) Ding K.H., Scheckter C.B., Drinkwater B.L., Soules M.R., Bremner W.J.: Higher serum cortisol levels in exercise associated amenorrhoea . Ann Int Med, 108: 530-34, 1988.

29) Galbo H., Christensen N.J., Mikines K.J., Sonne B., Hilsted J., Hagen C., Fahrenkrug J., The effect of fasting on the hormonal response to graded exercise . J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 52: 1106-12, 1981.

30) Johannessen A., Hagen C., Galbo H.: Prolactin, growth hormone, thyrotropin, 3,5,3'triiodothyronine and thyroxine responses to exercise after fat- and carbohydrate-enriched diet . J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 52: 56-61, 1982.

31) Fries H., Nillius S.J., Petterson F.: Epidemiology of secondary amenorrhoea. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 118: 473-79, 1974.

32) Cumming D.C., Rebar R.W.: Exercise and reproductive function in women. Am J Ind Med, 4: 113-25, 1983.

33) Keizer H.A., Menheere P., Kuipers H.: Changes in pulsatile LH secretion after exhaustive exercise and training . Med Science Sports Exer, 19: 216 (supplement), 1987.

34) Cumming D.C., Vickovic M.M., Wall S.R., Flucker M.R., Belcastro A.N.: The effect of acute exercise on pulsatile release of luteinising hormone in women runners . Am J Obst Gynecol, 153: 482-85, 1985.

35) Cumming D.C., Vickovic M.M., Wall S.R., Fluker M.R.: Defects of pulsatile LH release in normally menstruating runners . J Clin Endocrin Metab, 60: 810-12, 1985.

36) Trager L.: Steroid Hormonen , Berlin, Springer Verlag, 1977.

37) Boyden T.W., Pamenter R.W., Stanforth P., Rotkis T., Wilmore J.H.: Impaired gonadotropin responses to gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulation in endurance-trained women . Fert Ster, 41: 359-63, 1984.

38) Jurkowski J.E., Jones N.L., Walker W.C., Younglai E.V., Sutton J.R.: Ovarian hormonal responses to exercise . J Appl Physiol, 44: 109-14, 1978.

39) Veldhuis J.D., Evans W.S., Demers L.M., Thorner M.O., Wakat D., Rogol A.D.: Altered neuroendocrine regulation of gonadotropin secretion in women distance runners. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 61: 557-63, 1985.

40) Bergen H., Leung P.C.K.: Norepinephrine inhibition of pulsatile LH release: receptor specificity . Am J Physiol, 250 (Endocrinol and Metab 13): E205-E211, 1986.

41) Keizer H.A., Beckers E., Des Haan J., Janssen G.M.E., Kuipers H., van Kranenburg G., Geurten P.: Exercise induced changes in the percentage of free testosterone and estradiol in trained and untrained women. Int J Sports Med, 8: 151-55, 1987.

42) Shangold M., Freeman R., Thysen B., Gatz M.: The relationship between long distance running, plasma progesterone and midluteal phase length. Fertil Steril, 31: 130-33, 1979.

43) Boyden T.W., Pamenter R.W., Grosso D., Stanforth P., Rotkis T., Wilmore J.H.: Prolactin responses, menstrual cycles and body composition of women runners . J Clin Endocr, Metab, 54: 711-14, 1982.

44) De Souza M.J., Maguire M.S., Maresh C.M., Kraemer W.J., Rubin K.R., Loucks A.B.: Adrenal activation and the prolactin response to exercise in eumenorrheic and amenorrheic runners. J Appl Physiol, 70(6): 2378-87, 1991.

45) Loucks A.B., Horvath S.M.: Exerciseinduced stress responses of amenorrheic and eumenorrheic runners . J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 59: 1109-20, 1984.

46) De Meirleir K.L., Bayens L., L'Hermite-Baleriaux M., L'Hermite M., Hollmann W.: Exercise induced prolactin release is related to anaerobiosis. J Clin Endocr Metab, 60: 1250-52, 1985.

47) Chang F., Richards S., Kim M., Malarkey W.: Twentyfour hour prolactin profiles and prolactin esponses to dopamine in long distance running women . J Clin Endocr Metab, 59: 631-38, 1984.

48) Highet R.: Athletic amenorrhoea. An update on aetiology, complications and management . Sports Med, 7: 82-108, 1989.

49) Laughlin G.A., Loucks A.B., Yen S.S.: Marked augmentation of nocturnal melatonin secretion in amenorrheic athletes but not in cycling athletes: unaltered by opioidergic or dopaminergic blockade . J Clin Endocr Metab, 73(6): 1321-6, 1991.

50) Bullen B.A., Skrinar G.S., McArthur W. and Carr D.B.: Exercise effect upon plasma melatonin levels in women: possible physiological significance . Can J Appl Sports Science, 7: 90-97, 1982.

51) Howlett T.A.: Hormonal responses to exercise and training: a short review. Clin Endocrinol 26: 723-42, 1987.

52) Cumming D.C., Rebar R.W.: Hormonal changes with acute exercise and with training in women. Sem. Reprod Endocrinol, 3: 55-64, 1985.

53) McArthur J.W., Bullen B.A., Bettins I.Z., Pagane M., Badger T.M., Klibanski A.: Hypothalamic amenorrhoea in runners of normal body distribution. Endoc Res Communic, 7: 13-25, 1980.

54) Samuels M.H., Sanborn C.F., Hofeldt F., Robbins R.: The role of endogenous opiates in athletic amenorrhea. Fertil Steril, 55(3): 507-12, 1991.

55) Howlett T.A., Rees L.H.: Endogenous opioid peptides and hypothalamopituitary function. Ann Rev Physiol, 48: 527-36, 1986.

56) Grossman A., Moult P.J.A., Mc Inthyre H., Evans J., Silverstone T., Rees L.H., Bessere G.M.: Opiate mediation of amenorrhoea in hyperprolactinaemia and in weight loss related amenorrhoea. Clin Endocrinol, 17: 379-88, 1982.

57) Surbey G.D., Andrew G.M., Cervenko F.W., Hamilton P.: The effect of naloxone on the performance of intense exercise . Med Sci Sports Exerc, 15: 150 (Abstract), 1983.

58) Grossman A., Bouloux P., Price P., Drury P.L., Lam K.S.L., Turner T., Thomas J., Besser G.M., Sutton J.: The role of opioid peptides in the hormonal response to acute exercise in man. Clin Science, 67: 483-91, 1984.

59) Howlett T.A., Tomlin S., Ngahfoong L., Rees L.H., Bullen B.A., Skrinar G.S., McArthur J.W.: Release of betaendorphin and met- enkephalin during exercise in normal women: response to training. Brit Med J, 288: 1950-52, 1984.

60) McArthur J.W.: Amenorrhoeic athletes: at risk of developing osteoporosis. Brit J Sports Med, 18: 253-55, 1984.

61) Moll G.W., Rosenfield R.L., Helke J.H.: Oestradiol- testosterone binding interactions and free plasma estradiol under physiological conditions. J Clin Endocr Metab, 47: 263-67, 1978.

62) Farber M., Millan V.G., Turskoy R.N., et al.: Diagnostic evaluation of hirsutism in women. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 20: 1-9, 1977.

63) Farber M., Millan V.G., Turskoy R.N., Mitchel G.W.: Diagnostic evaluation of hirsutism in women . Clin Obstet Gynecol, 20: 1-9, 1977.

64) Cumming D.C., Wall S.R., Galbraith M.A., Belcastro A.N.: Reproductive hormone responses to resistance exercise . Med Science Sports Exerc, 19: 234-38, 1987.

65) Bullen B.A., Skrinar G.S., Bertins I.Z., Carr D.B., Reppert S.M., Dotson C.O., Fencl M.M., Gervino E.V., Mc Arthur J.W.: Endurance training effects on plasma hormonal responsiveness and sex hormone excretion . J Appl Physiol, 56: 1453-63, 1984.

66) Russel J.B., Mitchell D.E., Musey P.I., Collins D.C.: The relationship of exercise to anovulatory cycles in female athletes: hormonal and physical characteristics . Obstet Gynecol 63: 452-56, 1984.

67) Russel J.B., Mitchell D.E., Musey P.I., Collins D.C.: The role of betaendorphins and catecholestrogens on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in female athletes. Fertil Steril, 42: 690-95, 1984.

68) Schwartz B., Cumming D.C., Riordan E., Selye S.S.C., Rebar R.W.: Exercise-associated amenorrhoea: a distinct entity? Am J Obstet Gynecol, 141: 662-70, 1981.

69) Hale R.W., Kosasa T., Krieger J., Pepper S.: A marathon: the immediate effect on female runners' luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, testosterone and cortisol levels. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 146: 550-56, 1983.

70) Williams R.H.: (ed) Textbook of Endocrinology , ed 6, New York, W.B. Saunders, 1981.

71) Gurpide E.: Tracer methods in hormone research . Endocrinology (8) Berlin, Springer Verlag, 1975.

72) Montagnani C.F., Arena B., Maffulli N.: Oestradiol and progesterone during exercise in healthy untrained women . Med Sci Sports Exerc, 24: 764-68, 1992.

73) Goldstein D., Zuckerman H., Harpaz S., Barkai J., Gordon S., Shaley E., Schwartz M.: Correlation between estradiol and progesterone in cycles with luteal phase deficiency . Fertil Steril, 37: 348-54, 1982.

74) Di Zerega G.S., Hodgen G.D.: Luteal phase dysfunction infertility: a sequel to aberrant follicuologenesis . Fertil Steril, 35: 489, 1981.